{"product_id":"mutual-aid-factor-evolution-9781684220700-new","title":"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution","description":"\u003cp\u003e2017 Reprint of 1919 Edition. \"Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution\" is a 1902 work by Russian anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin. Kropotkin explores the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity (or \"mutual aid\") in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. It is an argument against the competition-centered theories of so-called social Darwinism, as well as the romantic depictions of cooperation presented by writers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who argued it was motivated by universal love rather than self-interest. \"Mutual Aid\" is considered a fundamental text in anarchist communism, presenting a scientific basis for communism alternative to the historical materialism of the Marxists. Many biologists also consider it an important catalyst in the scientific study of cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"MARTINO FINE BOOKS","offers":[{"title":"New","offer_id":67613285384482,"sku":"9781684220700-new","price":12.25,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0893\/4755\/5618\/files\/9781684220700.jpg?v=1793088020","url":"https:\/\/www.albakireads.com\/products\/mutual-aid-factor-evolution-9781684220700-new","provider":"AlbakiReads","version":"1.0","type":"link"}