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Blood and Treasure: The Economics of Conflict from the Vikings to the Modern Era

by Duncan Weldon

War, institutions, and economic change across the centuries

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AlbakiReads Editorial

War, institutions, and economic change across the centuries

From the Viking Age to the war in Ukraine, Duncan Weldon examines how the costs and incentives of warfare have shaped states, taxation, debt markets, and economic development. The book connects conflicts across very different eras through questions about how institutions organize violence and how economic pressures influence strategy. Its historical range includes Europe’s rise to global prominence and the economic demands of twentieth-century total war, alongside case studies involving Mongol expansion, Spain’s New World wealth, pirate crews, and the Vietnam War. Together, these topics frame warfare not only as a contest between armies, but as a force intertwined with political and economic change.

Good fit for readers who enjoy

  • Readers interested in the economic dimensions of military history
  • Those curious about how war has influenced states, markets, and institutions
  • Readers seeking historical coverage spanning the Viking Age to recent conflicts

Themes

Economics of warfareState formation and taxationConflict and economic developmentMilitary strategy and incentivesHistorical change across eras

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Book overview

A history of the economics of warfare from the Viking Age to our current era, revealing how armed conflict has influenced world power.

"Weldon, a British journalist and economist, offers a tour of organized violence from the Viking era to the war in Ukraine, reinterpreting the actions of Mongol raiders and Indian sepoys through economic concepts like principal-agent problems and non-price competition."--The New York Times


Wars are expensive, both in human terms and monetary ones. But while warfare might be costly it has also, at times, been an important driver of economic change and progress. Over the long span of history nothing has shaped human institutions--and thus the process of economic development--as much as war and violence. Wars made states and states made wars. As the costs of warfighting grew so did state structures, taxation systems and national markets for debt. And as warfare became ever more destructive the incentive for governments to resort to it changed too.

Blood and Treasure looks at the history and economics of warfare from the Viking Age to the war in Ukraine, examining how incentives and institutions have changed over the centuries. It surveys how warfare helped drive Europe's rise to global prominence, and it explains how the total wars of the twentieth century required a new type of strategy, one that took economics seriously.

Along the way it asks whether Genghis Khan should be regarded as the father of globalization, explains how New World gold and silver kept Spain poor, ponders why some economists think of witch trials as a form of "non-price competition," notes how pirate captains were pioneers of effective HR techniques, asks if handing out medals hurt the Luftwaffe in World War II and assesses if economic theories helped to create a tragedy in Vietnam.

Underpinning this riveting narrative is a focus on how and why the economics of conflict have changed over time. This is a story of how economics can help to explain the motivations of war, and how understanding the history of warfare can help explain modern economics.
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